![]() PEG lacks proper biodegradability and may have a chronic inflammation response and potential of swelling up to 350 to 400% of its volume ( Lauto et al., 2008 Burks and Spotnitz, 2014 Bhagat and Becker, 2017 Malki et al., 2018). Albumin and glutaraldehyde have side effects such as infection and delayed wound healing ( Furst and Banerjee, 2005). Also, its stiffness may not be compatible to soft tissues. Cyanoacrylate could cause inflammation by toxic degradation products and exothermic reaction by polymerization ( Pascual et al., 2016). They also usually lack enough adhesive strength ( Spotnitz, 2014). For example, fibrin sealants may cause viral or infection complications. ![]() Main limitations include: (1) tissue adhesives and sealants are typically used to close incisions but not qualified for filling in larger gaps and defects ( Shirzaei Sani et al., 2019) and (2) tissue adhesives and sealants, although showing a degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability, are not specifically designed to support various cellular activities that are needed for tissue regeneration and usually cause side effects. However, most tissue adhesives and sealants lack the specific requirements for use as a proper scaffold system for tissue regeneration. Tissue adhesives and sealants are also used as glue for the application of non-adhesive scaffold devices, aiding to fix the scaffold on the surface of organs and tissues ( Ma et al., 2021). Examples of tissue adhesives and sealants are cyanoacrylates, albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, and fibrin sealant ( Ge and Chen, 2020 Nam and Mooney, 2021). Conventional tissue adhesives and sealants could be used in cases of blood vessel anastomosis, lung leakage preventions, and incision closure. Meanwhile tissue adhesives provide stronger adhesive ability to hold tissues together ( Burks and Spotnitz, 2014 Ge and Chen, 2020). Sealants are the ones that adhere to tissues and act as a barrier to prevent leakage ( Sanders and Nagatomi, 2014). Hemostats mainly function by increasing blood coagulation ( Hickman et al., 2018). Traditionally, adhesive biomaterials are classified into hemostats, sealants, and tissue adhesives ( Lauto et al., 2008). Furthermore, we highlight the future prospective in the development of advanced ATES systems for regenerative medicine therapies. Strategies for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adhesive properties of scaffolds are presented. ![]() We discuss the current applications of advanced ATES products in various fields of tissue engineering, together with some of the key challenges for each specific field. This article highlights the significance of ATESs, reviews their key characteristics and requirements, and explores various mechanisms of action to secure the scaffold onto the tissue. ![]() Adhesive tissue engineering scaffolds (ATESs) can circumvent these limitations by introducing their intrinsic tissue adhesion ability. These techniques, however, confront several obstacles including secondary damages, cytotoxicity, insufficient adhesion strength, improper degradation rate, and possible allergic reactions. A variety of suture and bioglue techniques are conventionally used to secure engineered scaffold systems onto the target tissues. ![]()
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